Artificial intelligence (
AI) is
intelligence demonstrated by
machines, as opposed to
natural intelligence displayed by
animals including
humans. Leading AI textbooks define the field as the study of "
intelligent agents": any system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of achieving its goals.[sup]
[a][/sup] Some popular accounts use the term "artificial intelligence" to describe machines that mimic "cognitive" functions that humans associate with the
human mind, such as "learning" and "problem solving", however, this definition is rejected by major AI researchers.[sup]
[b][/sup]
AI applications include advanced
web search engines (e.g.,
Google),
recommendation systems (used by
YouTube,
Amazon and
Netflix),
understanding human speech (such as
Siri and
Alexa),
self-driving cars (e.g.,
Tesla),
automated decision-making and competing at the highest level in
strategic game systems (such as
chess and
Go).[sup]
[2][/sup][sup][
citation needed][/sup] As machines become increasingly capable, tasks considered to require "intelligence" are often removed from the definition of AI, a phenomenon known as the
AI effect.[sup]
[3][/sup] For instance,
optical character recognition is frequently excluded from things considered to be AI,[sup]
[4][/sup] having become a routine technology.[sup]
[5][/sup]
Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and in the years since has experienced several waves of optimism,[sup]
[6][/sup][sup]
[7][/sup] followed by disappointment and the loss of funding (known as an "
AI winter"),[sup]
[8][/sup][sup]
[9][/sup] followed by new approaches, success and renewed funding.[sup]
[7][/sup][sup]
[10][/sup] AI research has tried and discarded many different approaches since its founding, including simulating the brain,
modeling human problem solving,
formal logic,
large databases of knowledge and imitating animal behavior. In the first decades of the 21st century, highly mathematical statistical
machine learning has dominated the field, and this technique has proved highly successful, helping to solve many challenging problems throughout industry and academia.[sup]
[11][/sup][sup]
[10][/sup]
The various sub-fields of AI research are centered around particular goals and the use of particular tools. The traditional goals of AI research include
reasoning,
knowledge representation,
planning,
learning,
natural language processing,
perception, and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[sup]
[c][/sup]
General intelligence (the ability to solve an arbitrary problem) is among the field's long-term goals.[sup]
[12][/sup] To solve these problems, AI researchers have adapted and integrated a wide range of problem-solving techniques—including search and mathematical optimization, formal logic, artificial neural networks, and methods based on
statistics,
probability and
economics. AI also draws upon
computer science,
psychology,
linguistics,
philosophy, and many other fields.
The field was founded on the assumption that human intelligence "can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it".[sup]
[d][/sup] This raises philosophical arguments about the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings endowed with human-like intelligence. These issues have been explored by
myth,
fiction, and
philosophy since
antiquity.[sup]
[14][/sup]
Science fiction and
futurology have also suggested that, with its enormous potential and power, AI may become an
existential risk to humanity.[sup]
[15][/sup][sup]
[16]
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